Feminism Third Wave Feminism - 962 Words

Third-Wave Feminism Feminism can have a different meaning depending on who you are and what time of history you are speaking of. Most people think of the second-wave of feminism in the 20th century when women fought for their rights for equality not just in the workplace but also their right to vote. The movement for gender equality was originally viewed as a great effort by women for women. Today feminism is a subtitle of equality. Giving us the new definition of feminism called third-wave feminism or gender equality. Modern feminism means equality for men and women whereas, a century ago, feminism meant that women should have the same rights as men. People are all given the same human rights, yet men and women battle for equality. Genders struggle against each other and also with each other for equality. Women strive for equality in the workplace, and to be heard without being labeled as bossy or aggressive. Women fight in our country to be equal in a position in politics. Some men hide behind societ y’s norms of what a man should be. Society norms say men should not show their feelings, or in any way have feminine traits or roles. Men feel they need to be aggressive instead of submissive. Some feel if they are not portrayed the manly type they are looked at as weak and/or not in control. Feminism is found to be viewed as man-hating, when in fact it is the belief that men and women have the same rights. In his 1869 book, The Subjection of Women, John Stuart givesShow MoreRelatedThird Wave Feminism : First And Second Wave1813 Words   |  8 PagesEssay 2: Third Wave Feminism First and second wave feminists succeeded in legal and social rights. In addition, they achieved the right to vote, higher education, and the right to their own body. Although, third wave feminists obtained these rights, they differentiated from focusing on laws and political processes like first and second wave feminists did. Instead, third wave feminists strived for individualism and diversity. Unlike labeling each other as feminists, the third wave departed from thisRead MoreEssay about The Issues Facing the Third Wave Feminism Movement2102 Words   |  9 PagesAs Third Wave feminism is currently unfolding before us, and its aims encompass a wide array of complex issues, it is often hard to describe what Third Wave feminism is. The feminist theories, mainly associated with First and Second Wave feminism attempt to describe the power imbalances that are found in society, and while doing so expose other oppressions, such as discrimination based on race or sexual orientation. As t his essay attempts to place a clear definition to Third Wave feminism, feministsRead MoreFeminism And The Third Wave Of Feminism1212 Words   |  5 PagesAs the feminist revolution has advanced so has the definition of feminism. In 2017 feminism means something completely different than what it did in the days of women s suffrage. No longer is feminism working on allowing women just to vote. It focuses on intersectionality, gender norms, women s reproductive rights, and so much more. We are in the third wave of feminism. In 2017 most millennials identify with third wave feminism or a variant of the movement and strive to abolish gender roles, patriarchyRead MoreFeminism And The First, Second, Or Third Wave1272 Words   |  6 PagesWhen referring to the history of feminism in the manner of the first, second, or third wave, one is undermining the experiences that were ongoing during, in middle of, and before those waves that history defines. What ideologies of oppression were being spoken of to raise awareness and whose experience was being excluded/diminished? The articulation of feminism in using the metaphor of waves to describe how the ideologies peaked and rescinded, is incorrect because it focuses only on the voices ofRead MoreThe Second Wave Of Women s Rights Movement Essay786 Words   |  4 PagesFurthermore it is split into three waves to present the difference in time and show how much it has evolved. The first wave was in the mid 19th century to early 20th century. They focused on women’s suffrage, their right to work, education rights, etc. The second wave was in the 60s; this is when they addressed broader perspectives. To include birth control, abortion, rape, pornography, etc. The third wave began in the 1990s and was a response to the second wave, as they only focused on strugglesRead MoreFeminism And The Second Wave921 Words   |  4 PagesUnlike the First and the Second waves the Third wave does not have a starting point or a parti cular moment. The period from early 1990’s to present is often defined as the Third wave. This wave is considered as the â€Å"backlash† of the movements and achievements made in the second wave. Many issues like Webster decision in 1989, that made a way to create abortion laws and Planned Parenthood Association of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey made a law that women should get counseling before abortionRead MoreFriedan And The Feminine Mystique By Betty Friedan1210 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is the fight for equality between the sexes. It can be dated back to the mid-19th century with women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. The first wave feminist procured the right to vote for American women. The following second and third waves built upon what the founding feminists created. The second wave of feminism was set off by the disenchantment women across America were experiencing. This disenchantment was caused by the nuclear family and the roles that the women inRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pages18th century. During this period, Turkish harem women wore clothes most similar to ours. They wore cloaks over their chemise and loose trousers while also being veiled (Olsen 59). This era marked conservatism in women’s clothes. During the first-wave movement, fashion did not become dynamic until the 1900s. In 1851, dress reformers tried to popularize a pair of baggy pants beneath a knee-length tunic (Olsen 125). Although this effort was unsuccessful, it marks the beginning of dress reform andRead MoreThird Wave Of By Lara Karaian And Allyson Mitchell1146 Words   |  5 Pagesargument note, I chose Chapter 3 â€Å"Third-Wave Feminisms† by Lara Karaian and Allyson Mitchell, and Chapter 7, â€Å"Violence Against Women†, which was written by Lisa Rosenberg and Ann Duffy. â€Å"Third-wave feminism† is a term I had no knowledge of prior to this course and I chose it to learn what it means and how it affects society. Violence against women sadly seems to be in the news every day and remains important and relevant to myself and all women. SUMMARY Third wave feminists are somewhat differentRead MoreEssay about Ruth Frankenberg863 Words   |  4 Pagesthe significance of race in white women’s’ lives and the idea of race being in every atmosphere no matter how one tries to shape it. Ruth then continues to explain her beliefs in this book and how they emerged out of the second wave feminism and into the third wave feminism. She commented on how feminist women would appear to go through phases’, such as anger over racism and later try to form a multiracial organisation which in turn would form more tension. It was through this experience that she

The Balance Of Power Of The U.s. Federal System - 1169 Words

The Balance of Power in the U.S. Federal System By Tim Bowles PPA601 Foundations of Public Administration Instructor Dr. Leah Raby Ashford University February 8, 2016 Abstract This writing will analyze the balance of power in this nation’s federal system. Federalism is unique in many different ways, many different areas of democracy, and many ways in a citizens’ life. The first precedent for federalism is that it tolerates different languages, and different religions with abundant personal freedom while providing the center forces that binds it all together. The federal government’s framework is outlined in the U.S. Constitution, a product of political compromise. Since the early years of the Constitution, our national government has used its specialized and implied powers to become involved in virtually all areas of human activity. Participation with the tools of political change such as direct legislation, judicial interpretation, and grant-in-aid, meaning monetary funding. The debate over federalism is still present, and will endure. Parts of todays’ version of cooperative federalism will surely be replac ed by another theory of intergovernmental relations. In addition, the balance of power between the national and the state governments will continue to be settled by political means, and not by theory. The relationships of the federal system, political ideology, and freedom, is no longer as simple as it appeared; recently as 50 years ago.Show MoreRelatedRoles Of Law And Courts In Today S Business Environment901 Words   |  4 Pagesworker, or business owner everyone is subject to and must abide by the federal and state courts and laws of this country. The judicial review is the doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review by the judiciary. This is an example of check and balances in a modern governmental system. Working on a federal installation (Tinker AFB) the industry has to follow both federal guidelines and laws. Federal and State Court Structure The differences between the two court structures:Read MoreThree branches of government1113 Words   |  5 Pageschecks and balances in order to prevent misuse of power. Federalism affects how our government is run, and especially the criminal justice system. Within our criminal justice system the main components are law enforcement, criminal courts, civil courts, and corrections. Federal Government Criminal Justice System The United States federal government is made up of three branches, which all serve different purpose but are equal in power to ensure a system of checksRead MoreReviewing The Various Branches Of The United States Government1602 Words   |  7 Pagesin Understanding the Checks and Balances System Before understanding the system of Checks and Balances it may be helpful for one to understand the various functions of the three branches that make up the federal government. The federal government consists of millions of people working together and insuring that the United States is run in an effective manor thus protecting the rights of every American citizen. American citizens must rely on local, state, and federal elected officials along with manyRead MoreThe Effects Of Environmental Regulations On The Environment Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pages The only thing stopping the human population from an event of mass extinction is the federal, state, and other international governments. Climate change is a current, and very real threat, in fact, it is even considered a national security threat to Pentagon officials. Global temperatures, sea levels, and CO2 levels are all rising at an exponential rate. If action isn t taken by such levels of government, planet earth is destined for do om. The question, however, is if the government should be responsibleRead MoreThe Constitutional Convention Of Philadelphia Essay1535 Words   |  7 Pagesdefining the distinct powers for the the president, the federal courts and the Congress. This division of authority that was established is known as the principle of separation of powers, and it ensures that none of the branches of government can overstep their boundaries. One of the most important principles incorporated in the U.S. Constitution is separation of powers. The U.S. Constitution divided the central government into three branches and created a system of checks and balances as a way to preventRead MoreHistory 3011175 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Unites States Constitution outline the importance of dividing government into 3 branches, this system was designed by our forefathers to serve the people. With any division of power obstacles are bound to arise, usually when attempting to enact important legislation. Since the US Constitution was written to the present day there has been conflicts between the supporters of a strong federal government and campaigners of states’ rights. This paper will address these three aspects associatedRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation Was A Loose, League Of Friendship853 Words   |  4 PagesThe Articles of Confederation was a loose â€Å"league of friendship† between the thirteen colonies th at would create a confederation in contrast to Great Britain s unitary system. While the Articles of Confederation helped establish a systemic role in trying to unify many of the states under a weak central government, it later created many more problems than solutions. One of them being that Congress had no ability to propose taxes to deal with war debts and running the government. Another weaknessRead MoreThe Workings And Structure Of The Federal Reserve Banks Of Usa1507 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States of America’s financial system comprises of the banking system, financial markets and nonbank financial institutions. (Lee, 2001) Banking system furthermore consists of the Federal Reserve System, foreign banks, commercial banks, offshore banks, credit unions and saving institutions. Financial markets consist of debt and money markets, equities markets and futures and options markets. Lastly, nonbank financial institutions consist of asset-based finance companies, comm ercial lendingRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1490 Words   |  6 Pagesto let the people of the U.S know how the states would be governed and also to stop the government from having too much power. The constitution is divided into three branches : the Legislative branch, Executive branch and the Judicial branch. All the branches are based on the idea of separation of power in which each branch has a specific power and responsibility and don’t rely on the other two branches to operate. All three also use the system of check and balance in which each branch isRead MoreThe Supreme Court System Of The United States1069 Words   |  5 Pagesthe U.S. Constitution, was framed a national system of government with 3 distinct branches: the judiciary, executive and legislative. The legislative branch makes the laws by statute. The judiciary interprets the law and the highest judiciary, the U.S. Supreme Court, is the preeminent and final elucidator of the law. Th e judiciary encompasses the federal court system, where the U.S. Supreme Court stands at the very top of the judiciary hierarchy. Congress was empowered to create lower federal courts

Blood Pressure Among Youth Uae Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(59) " table with standard lower limit vesture to the nearest 0\." Background and Aims: Young person is a vulnerable group for developing about all life-style related diseases. The present cross-sectional survey was conducted to measure the determiners of blood force per unit area among entry twelvemonth pupils in a medical university in Ajman, United Arab Emirates. Methods: One hundred and 10 pupils from Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE participated in the survey. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Pressure Among Youth Uae Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now A pretested structured questionnaire was used for informations aggregation. Predictive Analytic Software 17 was used for informations analysis. Chi-square trial, Univariate and multivariate logistic arrested development were used. Consequences: Variables such as baccy usage, continuance of slumber, Body Mass Index, and gender were considered to measure the association with blood force per unit area. The average age of the pupils was 19 old ages with a SD of 1.9 old ages. The average systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area was 113.5 ( SD 12. ) and 73.7 ( SD 11.2 ) severally with average BMI of 24.9 ( SD 5.7 ) . A statistically important association was observed between gender and blood force per unit area ( p A ; lt ; 0.05 ) . The petroleum Odds Ratio ( OR ) observed for sleep continuance and blood force per unit area was found statistically important ( p A ; lt ; 0.05 ) , but the adjusted OR was non statistically important. Of the participants who sleep for more than 6 hours, bulk ( 70 % ) have normal blood force per unit area. About half of the participants who slept for less than 6 hours have pre-hypertension and/ or high blood pressure. There was statistically important ( p A ; lt ; 0.005 ) asso ciation between Body Mass Index ( BMI ) and blood force per unit area ( BP ) . The average BMI among those with normal BP was 23.25 kg/m2 with a SD of 4.6 and those with pre-hypertension and/ or high blood pressure was 27.6 kg/m2with a SD of 6.5. Decision: Gender and BMI are the important factors associated with Blood force per unit area. The findings may be used to make schemes to leave consciousness of the dangers of increased blood force per unit area among corpulent and non corpulent pupils. Introduction: High blood pressure is a major public wellness job of concern across the universe because of its association with increased hazard of cardiovascular diseases. Youth ( 15 to 24 old ages ) is an of import period of growing and ripening, and most of the alterations that occur during this period are continued into adulthood1. Essential high blood pressure may hold its beginnings in early life and its co-morbidities are surely a major load on resources, and they cut down the productiveness of those affected with hypertension2. Prospective surveies have established increased left ventricular mass and peripheral opposition, with high blood force per unit area in childhood3-4. Raised BP in childhood has been recognized as one of the most of import forecasters of grownup high blood pressure. This has generated an involvement among research workers to look into the form of blood force per unit area and its determiners in childhood and adolescence5-6. Several surveies have shown that the degree and form of blood force per unit area among kids and striplings vary from population to population7. Growth patterns, age and gender have strong influence on blood pressure7. It has been estimated that by 2010, 1.2 billion people will endure from high blood pressure worldwide8. The prevalence of high blood pressure norms 26 % and it affects about 125 million persons, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region9. The United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) is in a period of passage. Equally tardily as the 1960s mobile Bedouin Arabs were the population of UAE. The find of oil in 1970s has made a dramatic alteration in the demographic profile with exiles representing more than 80 % of the population and in the life style of its people. Now the UAE is a modern, affluent society, to a great extent influenced by Western life forms, including a sedentary life style with high Cardiovascular Diseases ( CVD ) hazard profiles10. Indeed, CVDs are known to be the taking cause of morbidity and mortality in the UAE among both the subjects and expatriates11. Of peculiar concern is the prevalence of fleshiness, which reaches about 24 % among medical students12 with reported high emphasis degrees ( 65 % ) , unhealthy diets ( 50 % ) and low degrees of physical activity ( 77 % ) which is possibly attributable to cultural and climatic restrictions13. Smoking has increased among men14-16. High blood pressure is besides comm on with a reported prevalence of 19-25 % 17, 15.3 % in urban and 10.6 % rural population 18. The 15-24 old ages age is an of import developmental phase in the life span of persons as it is a passage period to maturity. In Ajman, there is a deficiency of informations about determiners of high blood pressure among young person. This information is of import in be aftering life manner alterations. Therefore, the present survey was an effort to measure the determiners of blood force per unit area such as gender, academic programme in which enrolled, baccy usage, figure of repasts and BMI among pupils in a medical university in Ajman, United Arab Emirates. Methodology: This survey was conducted among entry twelvemonth pupils in a Medical University of Ajman, United Arab Emirates. Students enrolled in Medicine, Dental Medicine, and Allied ( Pharmacy and Physical Therapy ) academic programmes during the twelvemonth 2009-2010 were included in the survey. Among 160 entry degree pupils 110 pupils participated in the survey with a reponse rate of 69 % . Verbal consent was obtained from the participants before the survey. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed among them to obtain information on socio-demographic features, physical activity, wonts, diet history, day-to-day kiping wonts and household history of metabolic upsets. Their tallness, weight and blood force per unit area were recorded. The tallness was measured on a perpendicular graduated table with heels, natess, and occiput against the wall and caput in Frankfurt plane, to the nearest 0.5 centimeter. Weight was measured on a weighing graduated table with standard lower limit vesture to the nearest 0. You read "Blood Pressure Among Youth Uae Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples"5 kilogram. Body Mass Index was calculated utilizing the expression – weight ( in kilogram. ) divided by height2 ( in mtr. ) . Classification of BMI was done based on the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) criteria into three classs: normal ( BMI = 18.5-24.9 kg m-2 ) , fleshy ( BMI = 25-29.9 kg m-2 ) and corpulent ( BMI i‚? 30 kg m-2 ) . Blood force per unit area was measured by same squad and interpreted as per the blood force per unit area guidelines, issued in 2003 by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute as shown below19. Class Systolic Blood Pressure millimeter of Hg Diastolic Blood Pressure in millimeter of Hg Normal 120 less than 80 less than Prehypertension 139-120 89-80 1stage High blood pressure 159-140 99-90 2Hypertension phase 160 more than 100 more than Descriptive statistics such as agencies, standard divergence were used to sum up the quantitative variables. Proportions and per centums were used to sum up categorical variables. Chi-square trial examined the relationship between biological variables such as corpulence, fleshiness and non-biological factors. A p-value? 0.05 was considered as statistically important. Consequences: Table-1 Distribution of Blood Pressure harmonizing to different variables Variables Group Blood Pressure Entire Significance Normal Pre/Hypertension No. % No. % Gender Female 59 70.2 25 29.8 84 A ; lt ; 0.05 Male 10 38.5 16 61.5 26 Program MBBS 28 54.9 23 45.1 51 Nitrogen Allied 24 77.4 7 22.6 31 Doctor of dental medicine 17 60.7 11 39.3 28 Sleep continuance A ; lt ; 6 hour 20 50.0 20 50.0 40 A ; lt ; 0.05 A ; gt ; =6 hrs 49 70.0 21 30.0 70 Tobacco usage Yes 3 37.5 5 62.5 8 Nitrogen No 66 64.7 36 35.3 102 Number of repasts 2 repasts 35 61.4 22 38.6 57 Nitrogen A ; gt ; 2 repasts 34 64.2 19 35.8 53 Body mass index A ; lt ; =30 63 68.5 29 31.5 92 A ; lt ; 0.005 A ; gt ; 30 6 33.3 12 66.7 18 Table 1 shows the distribution of blood force per unit area harmonizing to different variables. With respect to gender, 29.8 % females and 61.5 % males were either pre-hypertensive or hypertensive. There was a statistically important association between gender and blood force per unit area ( p A ; lt ; 0.05 ) . The association between continuance of slumber and blood force per unit area was found to be statistically important ( p A ; lt ; 0.05 ) . 70 % of those who slept for 6 hours or more and 50 % of those who slept for less than 6 hours had normal blood force per unit area. There was no statistically important difference in the blood force per unit area of pupils from the different academic programmes. Tobacco usage and figure of repasts consumed besides did non demo statistically important association with blood force per unit area. However, there were merely eight baccy users of whom five had pre-hypertension or high blood pressure while among the non users, three were holding pre-hypertension or high blood pressure. Among the participants with BMI A ; gt ; 30, 66.7 % had pre-hypertension or high blood pressure whereas among those with BMI A ; lt ; 30, merely 31.5 % were pre-hypertensive or hypertensive. The association between BMI and blood force per unit area was statistically important ( p A ; lt ; 0.005 ) . The average BMI among those with normal BP was 23.25 with a SD of 4.6, while among those with pre-hypertension or high blood pressure was 27.6 with a SD of 6.5. Table 2 Multivariate logistic arrested development analysis of factors associated with high blood pressure Factors Group Number Adjusted Oddss Ratio 95 % CI P value Body mass index 110 1.14 1.05 – 1.23 A ; lt ; 0.002 Gender Female 84 1 — Male 26 3.30 1.24 – 8.78 A ; lt ; 0.02 Sleep continuance A ; gt ; 6 hour 70 1 — A ; lt ; 6 hour 40 1.90 0.78 – 4.64 Nitrogen For farther analysis, the important variables from the chi-square trial such as BMI, gender, and sleep continuance were included. Logistic arrested development analysis was performed to happen the petroleum and adjusted odds ratio ( OR ) . BMI was taken every bit uninterrupted variable and gender and sleep continuance as categorical variables. The adjusted odds ratio for BMI was 1.14 which was statistically important. There is 14 % increased opportunity for acquiring pre-hypertension or high blood pressure for a unit addition in BMI. Among the male gender, the adjusted odds ratio was 3.3 which was statistically important. The opportunity of acquiring pre-hypertension and/ or high blood pressure for male gender was 3.3 times more compared to female gender. The petroleum odds ratio for sleep continuance was 2.3 and was statistically important but when adjusted with other factors it was non statistically important. Table 2 shows the inside informations of logistic arrested development a nalysis. Discussion: Surveies have reported sex differences in BP with males holding higher BP than females during stripling and early adulthood20-21. Smith and Rinderknecht study that older male childs have significantly higher BP than girls22. Kusuma et Al and Schall observed that work forces possess higher BP degrees than females23-24. The present survey besides supports the observation made by other writers in this regard. Gender difference in the infective mechanisms in indispensable high blood pressure is available in the literature. The high prevalence of high blood pressure in younger work forces compared to adult females is explained on the footing of the deficiency of endogenous estrogen. Evidence suggests that estrogen may modulate vascular endothelial map, doing vasodilatation. This may be one ground for adult females holding lower blood force per unit area compared to men25. Previous surveies demonstrated that high blood pressure increased significantly as BMI increased26-29. Srinivasan et al reported that BMI or cardinal adiposeness are the cardinal determiners of high blood force per unit area which appear at an early age. The survey besides emphasizes the function of weight decrease in the bar of hypertension30. A survey conducted among striplings observed that BMI is associated with arterial hypertension31. Reich et al. study that BMI is a strong forecaster of high blood pressure than waist-hip ratio32. Study by Berenson et Al. observed high BMI as one of the strongest hazard factors for hypertension33. The present survey besides supports the observation made by other writers with respect to BMI. Presently, there is small direct grounds to explicate the function of fleshiness in high blood pressure. Davy and Hall point out that high BP in corpulent worlds may be due to higher degree of adiposity34. BMI measures fleshiness and is associated with incre ased arterial stiffness and assorted hemodynamic alterations that may lend to hypertension35-38. Jervase et Al. reported differences in BP between males and females, with males holding higher systolic and diastolic BP than the females. The survey besides observed that gender and BMI were the important determiners of high blood pressure among university students39. A survey by Chirinos et Al. reported that increasing BMI was associated with a significantly increased hazard of high blood pressure and the Odds Ratio for high blood pressure, for every 5-unit addition in BMI, was 1.58. The survey concluded that younger individuals with high blood pressure were more likely to be corpulent compared with older individuals with hypertension40. In the present survey OR for high blood pressure was 1.14, which revealed that for every one unit addition in BMI, the opportunity of high blood pressure is 14 % more, which is similar to the findings of Chirinos et Al. In the present survey, when analyzing the association between BMI and high blood pressure, physical activity may be a contradictory factor, but physical activity was non taken in to account in this survey. There was no association between blood force per unit area and other hazard factors like baccy usage and sleep continuance. With respect to kip continuance, before seting to other confusing variables, the petroleum odds ratio of 2.33 was observed, but the adjusted OR observed was non statistically important. Gangwisch et al41 reported that less sleep continuance significantly increased the hazard of high blood pressure in topics 32 to 59 old ages of age. Gottlieb et al42 observed that sleep continuance per dark is associated with an increased hazard of high blood pressure, which is non supported by the findings of the present survey. This consequence may non be representative of all university pupils as the present survey involves merely one university and the little sample size. T his probe highlights the demand for a countrywide survey among young person. Decision: The consequences of this survey provide an penetration into the apprehension of the association between gender, BMI and blood force per unit area among our entry degree pupils. The consequences may be used to develop messages to raise consciousness about the dangers of high blood force per unit area and its determiners among pupils. This consequence may non be representative of all university pupils as the present survey involves merely one university. This probe highlights the demand for a countrywide survey among young person. How to cite Blood Pressure Among Youth Uae Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Virtue Ethics free essay sample

The knowledge of ethics and the subsequent theories that have evolved from it is paramount to the profession of nursing. These theories assist nurses with identifying potential problems and developing skills required to determine and justify decisions in given situations. Furthermore, they work to enhance and shape an individual’s ethical beliefs and values. There are a number of ethical theories that have been introduced throughout nursing including the widely agreed upon four; deontology, utilitarianism, virtue ethics and ethics of care. Of these four, the ethics of care theory is the strongest and most readily relatable to the profession of psychiatry and nursing while the three aforementioned ones are not. This essay is going to explain why the ethics of care theory is the most ready for use in psychiatric nursing practice today and what deontology, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics ultimately lack which would not make their implementation as useful. Ethics of care is most commonly associated with psychologist Carol Gilligan, who, unlike the developers of the other three major theories, is not a philosopher. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtue Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Sobstyl, Week 5/Part 2). Her theory was developed as a response to Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral development theory which females tended to score differently on than males based on the diversity in their approach to situations. (Yeo, Page 58). A distinct moral theory that emphasizes the importance of responsibility, ethics of care is most concerned with the concept of the relationship rather than consequences or rules. Gilligan stated that girls and women would approach a dilemma in a more contextualized and narrative way whose primary focus was to resolve the details of a problem situation. Males, on the other hand, tend to subscribe to a concept known as â€Å"justice of care†. This approach is based on the application of more general abstract principles that do not consider the unique, and at times, differing circumstances that surround a case (Yeo, Page 59). Care ethics view human beings as interdependent entities who value caring relationships and recognize the moral value of emotional feelings. It focuses on virtues associated with care and views this as being a moral sentiment and response in the context of these relationships. This includes concepts such as compassion, empathy, loyalty, and sympathy. Care ethics encourages altruism in which to create a balance between care of self and care of others and is intended to guide a care-giver’s conduct and provide an ideal with which an individual could use to base a virtuous life on. (Discussion of care, feminist, relational ethics thread, Oct 4th/13). Care ethics seeks to maintain relationships by putting the well-being of both the care-giver and the care-receiver into context and promoting them within a network of social relations. The theory promotes caring, which is recognized as a skill and not inherent to a particular group of people (Sobstyl, Week 5/Part 2) and interdependence, both which were typically seen as being traditionally female characteristics. Throughout history, ethic theories generally subscribed to the masculine way of thinking wherein the results were viewed as more important than the process. Because of this, there were doubts that women were as morally developed as men, and trivialized concepts such as attentiveness and compassion in favour of autonomy, reason, and justice. This is where feminine ethics, the concept that has given rise to care ethics, plays a part and has brought to light the dimensions which would otherwise go unnoticed (Yeo, Page 63). By highlighting these that have not been visible in any of the other major theories, it allows for the possibility of alternate theories being formulated and discussed. This would then provide care-givers a stronger, more concise framework with which to guide ethical decision making. Ethics of care is generally viewed as the antithesis of the deontological and utilitarian theories in that it focuses on the concepts of relationships and interdependence rather than focusing more on the egocentric part of the person and how they are â€Å"supposed† to act in a situation. According to Yeo, critics tended to dismiss care ethics as an extension of the virtues theory, however, it contains a number of important differences. Associated with Immanuel Kant, deontology involves the theory of the â€Å"categorical imperative† which illustrates the idea of acting on a rule based on it being reasonable and if others would act on it if in the same situation (Yeo, Page 50). The benefits of this are that it protects the rights of patients and ensures equal treatment while reminding nurses of their accountability as health-care providers. Deontology values the intentions of the individual however is unable to evaluate consequences as they are viewed as occurrences that we have no control over. It is frequently inappropriate to incorporate into many health-care situations within mental health due to the lack of instances where there is a clearly defined right and wrong answer, or where more than one right answer exists. This theory accounts for absolutes only while failing to consider the gray areas that fall in between. It is difficult to implement deontology into every situation due to the fact that our duty in one instance may not be appropriate for use in another (Deontology discussion thread, Sept 21st/13). Utilitarianism considers the consequences of a nurses actions and its primary focus is doing the largest amount of good for the greatest number of people. It accounts for the good of society rather than the good of the individual and is viewed as a â€Å"consequentialist ethical theory† where consequences must be considered (Sobstyl, Week 4). In doing so, it works to provide behavioural guidance and promote human goodness as a whole. While deontology protects the right of the patient, utilitarianism protects the rights of the greatest number of individuals. This theory has a place in many nursing settings, however, its most glaring drawback is that it makes it permissible to sacrifice the minority for the â€Å"greater good† and can authorize actions generally thought to be immoral (Yeo, Page 54). In a nursing context, according to utilitarianism, a patient, considered the minority, can be given treatment against their will for the benefit of their loved ones who are viewed as the majority in this situation. This is a direct contrast to the standards of care ethics which values compassion as well as sensitivity and concerns for the needs of the patient (Yeo, Page 59). Virtue ethics focuses on the theory that intentions, decisions and actions of individuals are what make a person â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad† rather than on rules or principles (Yeo, Page 56). Virtue ethics is not easy to apply to practice as it does not serve to offer enough guidance for nursing action when resolving ethical dilemmas nor is it realistic to determine what kind of person one â€Å"should† be as a result of the ambiguity of what an ideal is. It does not make a clear connection between the virtuosity of a person and the quality of care they can provide. As a person does not have to be inherently good to provide care, it stands to reason that virtue ethics are simply an ideal rather than a must. Furthermore, It is difficult to determine what a virtue is as this can be defined differently depending on an individual’s gender, age, or culture, for example. It is unclear whether virtues are innate or developed through one’s experiences and environment and as a result, provides a very ambiguous framework as to what can be taught and what is based on genetics (Virtue Ethics thread, Oct 8th/13). Virtue ethics is beneficial, however, in enabling a nurse to stand up for their beliefs based on their virtues and morals. If a care-givers moral ethical value is sound and reflect who they are as a person, their choices can realistically be defended (Virtue Ethics thread, Oct 7th/13). Care ethics identifies clients who are the most vulnerable and provides extra consideration based on the level of their vulnerability to a decision and how strongly they would be affected by this. Unlike with deontology, utilitarianism and virtue ethics, the relationship with others is the starting point in ethics of care. Less focus is made on the decision maker determining what obligations they have and what is morally just. Instead, focus is placed on how the nurse must respond to these situations (Ethics of care, feminism, relation ethics thread, Oct 4th/13). Ultimately, the measures that nurses take to care for their patients enable the patient to live with as much physical, emotional, social and spiritual well-being as possible. A nurse needs to be attentive to the needs of the client and have a responsibility to be providing holistic care as well as support and education. Individualized care is a must and needs to be tailored to the unique needs of the patient while considering physical, psychosocial, psychological, spiritual and cultural needs. Lastly, for ethics of care to be effective, the client must be responsive to the care given by the nurse as they are in a vulnerable state and rely on the actions of the care-giver. While ethics of care does value the relationships that exist in nursing and places importance on the holistic approach that a nurse provides through maintaining a therapeutic nurse-client relationship, like all theories, it too has its drawbacks. Frederick Nietzche expressed in his writings that subservient traits were being favoured due to the perceived oppression that women faced as a result of the male dominated theories that existed before it (Discussions of care, feminist, relational ethics thread, Oct 4th/13). It can also lead to gender bias where females are favoured in the caring roles rather then males who are typically viewed as being in the â€Å"justice role† where the end result is most valued (Yeo, Page 60). It is important to remember that ethics of care is not gender-specific and can certainly be applied to males as it does females. The same can be said for females who gravitate more towards the ethics of justice way of thinking. Another criticism of this theory is that is can be viewed as an extension of the virtue theory wherein the concept of compassion, caring and interdependence are viewed as virtues rather than an independent ethical theory capable of standing on its own. In the fight to place value on â€Å"feminine traits†, it is important not to devalue these traditionally â€Å"masculine traits† in order to not alienate those who do not share similar viewpoints. Ethic theories are not meant to provide a rulebook that a nurse can follow as law, but rather identifies guidelines which a nurse may use to enhance and guide their practice. By taking concepts from these theories, a nurse can further develop their practice by building trust with their patients, determining consequences, self-reflecting, determining how to react in a given situation and how to remain professional in situations where this may be difficult. Ethics of care provides the best overall framework with which to guide nurse’s actions within a health-care context. Dealing with vulnerable patient populations, it is vital that a relationship be in place, be therapeutic as well as proactive, and work towards realistic goals that can be made and continued outside of a hospital setting. Hildegard Peplau was instrumental in establishing the concept of the nurse-patient relationship, and it stands to reason that this is still largely considered the foundation of nursing today. With a solid foundation of trust it then becomes easier to establish therapeutic relationships and therefore provide more well-rounded holistic care. Implementing this theory will reduce the large number of readmissions that occur in many hospitals because the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship establishes clear boundaries, determines appropriate nursing behaviours as identified throughout the care ethics theory, and considers the importance of goal-setting (Discussion of care, feminine, relational ethics thread, Oct 8th/13) . Deontology, utilitarianism and virtue ethics fail to take into account the big picture which is the concept of relationships and how important they are in being able to formulate strategies and progress with treatment. Relationships promote trust, reduce fears, and provide a sense that one is not alone and that there is support available for them. In conclusion, the ethics of care theory remains the strongest when applied to a mental health setting after taking into account the benefits and limitations of the deontology, utilitarianism and virtue ethics theories. Despite the debate that continues in health-care settings regarding which theory is the strongest, the fact remains that ethics of care directly addresses the relationship aspect of nursing and views it as being vital in providing treatment. It identifies that clients suffering from mental health illnesses are vulnerable and continue to be stigmatized within our culture while the aforementioned three fail to clearly make this distinction